(click to enlarge)
It's now official, all R-M124 (previously R2) are now R2a.
• R2 M479
• • R2* -
• • R2a L266, M124, P249, P267
Showing posts with label haplogroup. Show all posts
Showing posts with label haplogroup. Show all posts
Sunday, September 12, 2010
ISOGG 2010 Y-DNA Haplogroup R
ISOGG 2010 Y-DNA Haplogroup R (link)
It's now official, all R-M124 (previously R2) are now R2a.
• R2 M479
• • R2* -
• • R2a L266, M124, P249, P267
It's now official, all R-M124 (previously R2) are now R2a.
• R2 M479
• • R2* -
• • R2a L266, M124, P249, P267
Monday, June 28, 2010
Facts and Common Misconceptions
- No, haplogroups are not the same as haplotypes.
- Yes, all people living today fall into one of 18 main Y-DNA haplogroups on their paternal line, and one of 26 main mtDNA haplogroups on their maternal line.
- No, haplogroups will not show if you are related to someone (unless you count distant relationships from thousands of years ago).
- Yes, once you know your haplogroup, you will be able to view how your haplogroup migrated out of Africa and retrace their migration routes.
- No, haplogroups will not add people to your family tree or allow you to trace your surname (that’s the job of STR haplotypes).
- No, haplogroups will not tell you precise migration routes, it will show a broad migration route and population distribution.
- No, if you and someone else belong to the same haplogroup, it does not mean that you are closely related.
- Yes, once you know your haplogroup, you can often fine tune your branch of the haplogroup tree through subclade testing.
- No, you cannot confirm your haplogroup through STR testing or HVR1 testing. A Y-DNA STR test and HVR1 test will often allow you to predict your haplogroup, but only a SNP backbone test will confirm the prediction.
- No, SNP backbone testing will not give you information about sub-clades. It will confirm your haplogroup. Once your haplogroup has been confirmed, a subclade panel test for your particular haplogroup will trace your subclade.
- Yes, STR testing can give predictions for haplogroups and even some sub-clades, but the backbone test can only confirm the haplogroup, not the sub-clade.
- Yes, subclades are determined through SNP subclade testing (once your haplogroup has been confirmed)
- No, your haplogroup will not tell you if you are Welsh or Irish. It will not tell you your ethnicity. Although there are associations between ethnic groups and haplogroups, you must remember that haplogroups represent deep ancestry, tracing events from tens of thousands of years ago. It does not tell you what your ancestors have been up to over the last few hundred years (that’s the job of Y-DNA STR markers, and applications such as Surname Projects, which will be the topic of another blog).
- Yes, all people living in the world today are connected in the human phylogenetic tree. Just like how all people belong to a certain blood group i.e. A, B, AB, O which can be determined through testing, all people also belong to a certain haplogroup which is unique to their ancestry, and their haplogroup type can be determined through genetic genealogy testing.
Tuesday, February 23, 2010
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome haplogroups observed in Eurasians
click to enlarge
A couple of things I notice on the chart:
- R2 is shown as younger than R1/R1a/R1b, which I think is probably true.
- An Asian source for all Europeans - excluding haplogroup E.
Friday, February 19, 2010
Jews of Haplogroup R2
Haplogroup R2 is rather rare outside India, where it accounts for about 90% of all men on Earth having R2. In India it has been observed in about 10% of male population, in Pakistan – about 7-8%. In Tadzhikistan, neighboring India, haplogroup R2 is met in about 6% of the population. Some singular percentage of population having R2 can be met in the area of Caucasus, among Azerbaidzhanians, Armenians, Georgians, Chechens. It is conjectured that in these areas haplogroup R2 was introduced by the Gypsies, who carry haplogroup R2 with frequency of more than 50% of their population. The next main haplogroup in the Gypsies is H, as it was described in the preceding paper in this issue with an example of Bulgarian Gypsies. It is surmised that haplogroup R2 was originated some 25 thousand years ago.
The Gypsies have brought haplogroup R2 to Europe in medieval times, some 500-700 years ago, apparently first to Bulgaria, Germany and Austria (under the Gypsies names of Sinti and Roma), and then spread over Europe. This haplogroup was recently found among the Jews, and immediately it was suggested by the scholars that it came from the Khazars. No justifications and no time estimates were given.
Recently (Sengupta et al, 2006) a large set of Indian and Pakistani haplotypes was published, including more than 900 haplotypes. 81 of them belonged to haplogroup R2. Since as many as 21 of identical six-marker haplotypes (the base haplotypes) from those 81 are observed, as follows
14-12-23-10-10-14
it is rather obvious that these haplotypes cannot be too old. Indeed, ln (81/21)/0.0096 = 141 generations (163 with correction for back mutations) to a common ancestor. All 81 haplotypes contain 108 mutations from the above base haplotype, which gives 108/81/0.0096 = 139 generations (161 with correction for back mutations). It is a practically absolute fit, indicating that it was a single ancestor who originated the lineage of R2 haplogroup in India 4,000 years BP.
However, it seems that the actual time of origination of R2 haplogroup was much earlier. The R2 section of YSearch data base contains 34 haplotypes of individuals. Half of them are ethnic Indians, plus some Scotts, French, Italians, Armenians. Twelve individuals have names of their predecessors as Abraham, Isaac, Lebe, Mordecai, etc., and some of them presented supplementary information indicating that they are Ashkenazi Jews. The most frequent 6-marker haplotype among those 39 individuals is
14-12-23-10-10-14
which is exactly the same as that the base haplotype of haplogroup R2 in India- Pakistan, shown above. However, if to remove the Jewish haplotypes (which, as it is shown below, are derived from a recent ancestor), the remaining 22 haplotypes contain 35 mutations, that translates into 198 generations from a common ancestor. In 22 of the 12-marker haplotypes there were 101 mutations, which give 236 generations from a common ancestor. In 7 of the 37-marker haplotypes amount of mutations in the 12-, 25- and 37-marker panels corresponded to 282, 259 and 207 generations to a common ancestor. These four figures being averaged give 246±32 generations, that is about 6,200±800 years to a common ancestor of the non-Jewish individuals of R2 haplogroup in YSearch database. This might be a good indication that haplogroup R2 had originated not in India, since the Indian R2 haplogroups were derived from a significantly “younger” ancestor who lived about 4,000 years BP (see above), that is some 2,000 years later that an older bearer of the R2 haplogroup. In any case, this question needs more detailed studies.
And when a common ancestor of the Jews of haplogroup R2 had lived?
The most frequent 12-marker haplotype among those 34 individuals, Jewish and not, is
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
which is exactly the same as that for the Jewish individuals of haplogroup R2 in YSearch database.
Let us now consider the Jewish haplotypes in more detail.
6-marker haplotypes
11 of the 12 Jewish R2 haplotypes are identical to each other (Fig. 50), and their
6-marker base (ancestral) haplotype is
14-12-23-10-10-14
that is the same as the most popular among known bearers of R2 haplogroup in India and elsewhere in the world.
Figure 50. The 6-marker haplotype tree for 12 Jewish haplotypes of haplogroup R2. A “commercial” set (YSearch database)
Formally, 11 base haplotypes out of 12 give ln(12/11)/0.0096 = 9 generations, and one mutation in all twelve 6-marker haplotypes gives 1/12/0.0096 = 9 generations to a common ancestor, and the identity of these figures point out at a single ancestor for all 12 individuals in the set of their 6-marker haplotypes. However, as it has happened before, this tentative conclusion should be examined with more extended haplotypes. It is too often when 6-marker haplotypes, particularly in small haplotype sets, do not reveal mutations which occur in more extended panels of the haplotype.
12-marker haplotypes
Indeed, a move to the 12-marker tree (Fig. 51) immediately shows that there are two groups of the Jewish haplotypes, with an “older” and a “younger” haplotypes, descending from the same ancestor. Half of all 12 haplotypes still represent the base (ancestral) haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
Since their other mutations will be revealed by moving to more extended haplotypes, an estimate of a time span to the common ancestor based on the 12- marker haplotypes will be only tentative.
Figure 51. The 12-marker haplotype tree for 12 Jewish haplotypes of haplogroup R2. A “commercial” set (YSearch database)
This 12-marker base haplotype is exactly the same as the most frequent 12- marker haplotype in YSearch database, only one-third of which represent the Jewish haplotypes.
6 base haplotypes from the total 12 Jewish haplotypes would point to 29 generations to a common ancestor, since ln(12/6)/0.024 = 29. The other 6 haplotypes contain 15 mutations with respect to the above base haplotype. This would lead to 15/12/0.024 = 52 generations to a common ancestor. This mismatch (29 and 52) indicates that there were more than just one common ancestor for the Jews in R2 haplogroup. In fact, Fig. 51 makes it rather obvious.
As it turned out, many more mutations have occurred in the 13-37 marker panel of the distant branch, which distinctly separates the two branches. However, even the 12-marker tree shows the principal separation of the two groups of haplotypes.
37-marker haplotypes
The 37-marker haplotype tree is shown in Fig. 52. It reveals a striking feature of R2 Jewish haplotypes. Though there are only 7 haplotypes on the tree, they clearly show that Jewish R2 haplotypes splits indeed into two quite distant groups. Statistics is insufficient to perform detailed analysis, however, there are still enough data available to make some principal conclusions. One group of haplotypes, which are located on the right-hand side of the tree (Fig. 52) and much closer to the trunk of the tree (that is, to the present times), has the same 12- marker base haplotype as shown immediately above and in the Table, and corresponds to the group of the base haplotypes around the 12-marker tree (Fig. 51). This 4-haplotype branch has only 9 mutations with respect to the base 37- marker haplotype, and refers to a common ancestor who lived only 26 generations BP, 650±50 years ago, in the 14th century.
Figure 52. The 37-marker haplotype tree for 7 Jewish haplotypes of haplogroup R2. A “commercial” set (YSearch database)
Another group of Jewish R2 haplotypes, represented with three distant haplotypes on the left-hand side in Fig. 52, shows a base 12-marker haplotype (the 37-marker haplotype is shown in the Table):
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-10-13-10-31
It turned out that these three haplotypes (the left-hand side in Fig. 52) have only two mutations in their 37-marker haplotypes, that is among 111 alleles. This formally places their common ancestor only 7 generations BP, that is about two hundred years ago. All three are relatives within seven generations.
Overall, there are 21 mutations between these two base (ancestral) haplotypes in the 37-marker format. This means that these two haplotypes are separated by thousands of years of separate mutations, and, more specifically, this separation is approximately equivalent to 305 generations between the two, that is about 7,600 years. This places their common ancestors about 4,200 years BP, and fits pretty well with the common ancestor of Indian R2 haplogroup of 4,000 years BP, see above. It is very likely that the both lineages, “young” and the ancient one, are derived from the Gypsies in Europe. The “young” is traced down to the invasion time or a bottleneck time to the Jewish community, and the “older” is traced down to the ancient common ancestor in India. At any rate, both Jewish ancestral haplotypes, shown above in their 12-marker format and in the Table 2 in a 37-marker format are derived from two quite unrelated individuals, whose haplotypes had evolved from the very initial survivors in haplogroup R2, but traced down in millennia apparently to India, through the Gypsies.
Some historical conjectures
Here is a plausible story of the Jewish haplotypes of R2 haplogroup. Its ancestral haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
shown here in the 12-marker format, is about 4,200 years old, that corresponds to the age of this haplotype in India (see above). This haplotype had arrived to Europe apparently with the Gypsies, in the Medieval times, some 800 years BP, and got into the Jewish community. About 30-40% of the present day Jews, bearers of R2 haplogroup, are direct descendant of those Gypsies, or the Indians, on that matter. Approximately 650 years ago, apparently during the Black Plague times, in the 14th century, a bearer of this haplogroup, albeit in the mutated form had survived and fled to the Eastern Europe. This was a bottleneck for this particular haplotype. Close to half of present day Jews are descendants of that individual.
This story is a mirror one of the Jewish Q haplotypes story (see the preceding section). Apparently, the 14th century, the Black Plague times, created a number of bottleneck situations for the Jews of a number of haplotypes, and not for the Jews only.
The second Jewish R2 haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-10-13-10-31
in the 12-marker format, got to the Jewish community quite recently, merely two hundred years ago. It is very different from the first one. Its three bearers lived in the 19th century in Hungary, Romania and Lithuania. Their current descendants probably do not know that they are rather close relatives. Two of them differ by only 3 mutations in their 66-marker haplotypes.
From
Origin of the Jews via DNA Genealogy
Anatole A. Klyosov
The Gypsies have brought haplogroup R2 to Europe in medieval times, some 500-700 years ago, apparently first to Bulgaria, Germany and Austria (under the Gypsies names of Sinti and Roma), and then spread over Europe. This haplogroup was recently found among the Jews, and immediately it was suggested by the scholars that it came from the Khazars. No justifications and no time estimates were given.
Recently (Sengupta et al, 2006) a large set of Indian and Pakistani haplotypes was published, including more than 900 haplotypes. 81 of them belonged to haplogroup R2. Since as many as 21 of identical six-marker haplotypes (the base haplotypes) from those 81 are observed, as follows
14-12-23-10-10-14
it is rather obvious that these haplotypes cannot be too old. Indeed, ln (81/21)/0.0096 = 141 generations (163 with correction for back mutations) to a common ancestor. All 81 haplotypes contain 108 mutations from the above base haplotype, which gives 108/81/0.0096 = 139 generations (161 with correction for back mutations). It is a practically absolute fit, indicating that it was a single ancestor who originated the lineage of R2 haplogroup in India 4,000 years BP.
However, it seems that the actual time of origination of R2 haplogroup was much earlier. The R2 section of YSearch data base contains 34 haplotypes of individuals. Half of them are ethnic Indians, plus some Scotts, French, Italians, Armenians. Twelve individuals have names of their predecessors as Abraham, Isaac, Lebe, Mordecai, etc., and some of them presented supplementary information indicating that they are Ashkenazi Jews. The most frequent 6-marker haplotype among those 39 individuals is
14-12-23-10-10-14
which is exactly the same as that the base haplotype of haplogroup R2 in India- Pakistan, shown above. However, if to remove the Jewish haplotypes (which, as it is shown below, are derived from a recent ancestor), the remaining 22 haplotypes contain 35 mutations, that translates into 198 generations from a common ancestor. In 22 of the 12-marker haplotypes there were 101 mutations, which give 236 generations from a common ancestor. In 7 of the 37-marker haplotypes amount of mutations in the 12-, 25- and 37-marker panels corresponded to 282, 259 and 207 generations to a common ancestor. These four figures being averaged give 246±32 generations, that is about 6,200±800 years to a common ancestor of the non-Jewish individuals of R2 haplogroup in YSearch database. This might be a good indication that haplogroup R2 had originated not in India, since the Indian R2 haplogroups were derived from a significantly “younger” ancestor who lived about 4,000 years BP (see above), that is some 2,000 years later that an older bearer of the R2 haplogroup. In any case, this question needs more detailed studies.
And when a common ancestor of the Jews of haplogroup R2 had lived?
The most frequent 12-marker haplotype among those 34 individuals, Jewish and not, is
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
which is exactly the same as that for the Jewish individuals of haplogroup R2 in YSearch database.
Let us now consider the Jewish haplotypes in more detail.
6-marker haplotypes
11 of the 12 Jewish R2 haplotypes are identical to each other (Fig. 50), and their
6-marker base (ancestral) haplotype is
14-12-23-10-10-14
that is the same as the most popular among known bearers of R2 haplogroup in India and elsewhere in the world.
Formally, 11 base haplotypes out of 12 give ln(12/11)/0.0096 = 9 generations, and one mutation in all twelve 6-marker haplotypes gives 1/12/0.0096 = 9 generations to a common ancestor, and the identity of these figures point out at a single ancestor for all 12 individuals in the set of their 6-marker haplotypes. However, as it has happened before, this tentative conclusion should be examined with more extended haplotypes. It is too often when 6-marker haplotypes, particularly in small haplotype sets, do not reveal mutations which occur in more extended panels of the haplotype.
12-marker haplotypes
Indeed, a move to the 12-marker tree (Fig. 51) immediately shows that there are two groups of the Jewish haplotypes, with an “older” and a “younger” haplotypes, descending from the same ancestor. Half of all 12 haplotypes still represent the base (ancestral) haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
Since their other mutations will be revealed by moving to more extended haplotypes, an estimate of a time span to the common ancestor based on the 12- marker haplotypes will be only tentative.
This 12-marker base haplotype is exactly the same as the most frequent 12- marker haplotype in YSearch database, only one-third of which represent the Jewish haplotypes.
6 base haplotypes from the total 12 Jewish haplotypes would point to 29 generations to a common ancestor, since ln(12/6)/0.024 = 29. The other 6 haplotypes contain 15 mutations with respect to the above base haplotype. This would lead to 15/12/0.024 = 52 generations to a common ancestor. This mismatch (29 and 52) indicates that there were more than just one common ancestor for the Jews in R2 haplogroup. In fact, Fig. 51 makes it rather obvious.
As it turned out, many more mutations have occurred in the 13-37 marker panel of the distant branch, which distinctly separates the two branches. However, even the 12-marker tree shows the principal separation of the two groups of haplotypes.
37-marker haplotypes
The 37-marker haplotype tree is shown in Fig. 52. It reveals a striking feature of R2 Jewish haplotypes. Though there are only 7 haplotypes on the tree, they clearly show that Jewish R2 haplotypes splits indeed into two quite distant groups. Statistics is insufficient to perform detailed analysis, however, there are still enough data available to make some principal conclusions. One group of haplotypes, which are located on the right-hand side of the tree (Fig. 52) and much closer to the trunk of the tree (that is, to the present times), has the same 12- marker base haplotype as shown immediately above and in the Table, and corresponds to the group of the base haplotypes around the 12-marker tree (Fig. 51). This 4-haplotype branch has only 9 mutations with respect to the base 37- marker haplotype, and refers to a common ancestor who lived only 26 generations BP, 650±50 years ago, in the 14th century.
Another group of Jewish R2 haplotypes, represented with three distant haplotypes on the left-hand side in Fig. 52, shows a base 12-marker haplotype (the 37-marker haplotype is shown in the Table):
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-10-13-10-31
It turned out that these three haplotypes (the left-hand side in Fig. 52) have only two mutations in their 37-marker haplotypes, that is among 111 alleles. This formally places their common ancestor only 7 generations BP, that is about two hundred years ago. All three are relatives within seven generations.
Overall, there are 21 mutations between these two base (ancestral) haplotypes in the 37-marker format. This means that these two haplotypes are separated by thousands of years of separate mutations, and, more specifically, this separation is approximately equivalent to 305 generations between the two, that is about 7,600 years. This places their common ancestors about 4,200 years BP, and fits pretty well with the common ancestor of Indian R2 haplogroup of 4,000 years BP, see above. It is very likely that the both lineages, “young” and the ancient one, are derived from the Gypsies in Europe. The “young” is traced down to the invasion time or a bottleneck time to the Jewish community, and the “older” is traced down to the ancient common ancestor in India. At any rate, both Jewish ancestral haplotypes, shown above in their 12-marker format and in the Table 2 in a 37-marker format are derived from two quite unrelated individuals, whose haplotypes had evolved from the very initial survivors in haplogroup R2, but traced down in millennia apparently to India, through the Gypsies.
Some historical conjectures
Here is a plausible story of the Jewish haplotypes of R2 haplogroup. Its ancestral haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-11-14-10-29
shown here in the 12-marker format, is about 4,200 years old, that corresponds to the age of this haplotype in India (see above). This haplotype had arrived to Europe apparently with the Gypsies, in the Medieval times, some 800 years BP, and got into the Jewish community. About 30-40% of the present day Jews, bearers of R2 haplogroup, are direct descendant of those Gypsies, or the Indians, on that matter. Approximately 650 years ago, apparently during the Black Plague times, in the 14th century, a bearer of this haplogroup, albeit in the mutated form had survived and fled to the Eastern Europe. This was a bottleneck for this particular haplotype. Close to half of present day Jews are descendants of that individual.
This story is a mirror one of the Jewish Q haplotypes story (see the preceding section). Apparently, the 14th century, the Black Plague times, created a number of bottleneck situations for the Jews of a number of haplotypes, and not for the Jews only.
The second Jewish R2 haplotype
14-23-14-10-13-20-12-12-10-13-10-31
in the 12-marker format, got to the Jewish community quite recently, merely two hundred years ago. It is very different from the first one. Its three bearers lived in the 19th century in Hungary, Romania and Lithuania. Their current descendants probably do not know that they are rather close relatives. Two of them differ by only 3 mutations in their 66-marker haplotypes.
From
Origin of the Jews via DNA Genealogy
Anatole A. Klyosov
Saturday, February 13, 2010
Thursday, February 11, 2010
FTDNA's public yDNA haplogroup projects
Projects A ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Haplogroup_A/ C ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Chaplogroup/ E-M35 ................. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/E3b/ F ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/F-YDNA/ G ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/G-YDNA/ G2c (formerly G5) ..... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/G2c/ E1a .................. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/HaplogroupE1andE/ H ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/YHaploGroupH/ I1 .................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_I1/ I2a ................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2aHapGroup/ I2b2-L38 .............. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/ I-M223 ................ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/M223-Y-Clan/ I-P109 "I1c" .......... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_I-P109/ I ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Haplogroup%20I%20Y-DNA%20Project%20Web%20Site/ J ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-DNA_J/ J2 .................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/J2%20Y%20DNA%20group/index.aspx/ J2b_455-8 ............. http://tracingroots.nova.org/J2b_455-8.htm J2b-M102+ ............. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/m102/ J2Plus ................ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/J2Plus/ Jewish E3b ............ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/JewishE3bProject/ Jewish Q .............. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Jewish_Q/ L ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-Haplogroup-L/ N ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/N%20Y-DNA%20Project/ O...O3 ................ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/o3/ Q3 American Indian .... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Amerind%20Y/ Q ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/yDNA_Q/ R* .................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Rasterisk/ R1* ................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1Asterisk/ R1a Y-DNA Haplogroup .. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1aY-Haplogroup/ R1b and Subclades ..... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/r1b/ R1b (U152+) ........... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1c10/ R1b Jewish ............ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/JewishR1b/ R1b1* ................. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1Asterisk/ R1b1b1 (aka R-M73) .... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1b1/ R1b1b2a1b4 SRY2627+ ... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1c6/ r1b1b2Asterisk ........ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/r1b1b2/ R1b-U106 .............. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/U106/ R1b-U198/S29+ ......... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/U198/ R2 .................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R2/ R-ht35 (P312- U106-) .. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/ht35new/ R-L21Plus ............. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-L21/ R-M153 ................ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-M153_The_Basque_Marker/ R-M222 ................ http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1c7/ R-P312 and Subclades .. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/atlantic-r1b1c/ T ..................... http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-Haplogroup-K2/
Links to Join Projects (if you've tested with FTDNA)A ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=AYDNA
C ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=C
E-M35 .................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=E-M35_Project
F ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=F-YDNA
G ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=G_Haplogroup
G2c (formerly G5) ...... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=G2c
E1a .................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=HaplogroupE1a
H ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=H-YDNA
I1 ..................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I1
I2a .................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I2a
I2b2-L38 ............... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I-L38
I-M223 ................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I2b
I-P109 "I1c" ........... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I1c
I ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=I-Y-DNA
J ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=J-Y-DNA
J2 ..................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=J2
J2b_455-8 .............. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=J2b_455-8
J2b-M102+ .............. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=M102plus
J2Plus ................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=J2Plus
Jewish E3b ............. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=Jewish_E3b
Jewish Q ............... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=Jewish_Q
L ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=L
N ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=N-YDNA
O...O3 ................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=O3
Q3 American Indian ..... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=Q3_AmericanIndian
Q ...................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=Q-YDNA
R* ..................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R*
R1* .................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1*
R1a .................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1a
R1b and Subclades ...... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b
R1b (U152+) ............ https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b1c10
R1b Jewish ............. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b_Jewish
R1b1* .................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b1Asterisk
R1b1b1 (aka R-M73) ..... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b1b
R1b1b2a1b4 SRY2627+ .... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b1c6
r1b1b2Asterisk ......... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=r1b1b2Asterisk
R1b-U106 ............... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b-U106
R1b-U198/S29+ .......... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R1b1b2g1
R2 ..................... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R2
R-ht35 (P312- U106-) ... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=ht35
R-L21Plus .............. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R-L21Plus
R-M153 ................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R-M153
R-M222 ................. https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R-M222
R-P312 and Subclades ... https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=R-P312_and_Subclades
T (formerly K2) ........ https://www.familytreedna.com/group-join-request.aspx?group=K2-Male
Saturday, December 5, 2009
Indian scientist set to change world history
Poorly written TOI article, but Singhs comments are interesting (I'm assuming the reporter quoted him correctly).
TNN 5 December 2009, 01:27am IST
VARANASI: Was Max Muller at fault when he propagated the White Invasion theory? Did Aryan Invasion did not take place? Are we going to witness a change in world history? If reports of Prof Lalji Singh — an internationally acclaimed biotechnology expert — are to be believed, recent studies and research work on tracing genetic lineage of primitive human species have already suggested a different world history, enough to prove a major breakthrough in this field.
Prof Singh of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, who was in the city on Friday to inaugurate the three-day international conference on emerging trends in biotechnology organised by School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, told reporters that the recent studies would also change the theory of White Invasion (given by Max Muller of Germany).
There was no White Invasion, neither there was any Aryan Invasion as was believed in the past, he said referring to the recent studies on diversity of Indian population that had been published in 'Nature' magazine. The studies indicated southern route of migration of East African population (believed to originate 70,000 years ago) towards Indian sub-continent via Gujarat coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, he added.
Saying that Indian population was made up of many populations that have varied genetic compositions, he also added recent studies on DNA linkage indicated an invisible thread (trait) that bounded the Indian population comprising populations of other countries in the sub-continent including Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Malaysia, believed to have originated almost 33,000 years ago.
"The study is on to trace the ancestors of Ancestor North Indian (ANI) population, while the ancestors of Ancestor South Indian (ASI) population has been already traced," he said. "Ongee and Jarva species have been established to be the ancestors of ASI population while DNA matching has found resemblance of East African population with Kurumbha species in Kerala and Raghuvanshi of West Bengal," he added.
"We are looking for DNA from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir to trace the origin of ANI population and once that is established, we would be in a position to indicate the movement of ANI population towards European countries that would change the face of world history," he said. "We are also waiting for clearance of Ministry of Environment and Forest to start major project on revival of endangered animal species including Asiatic lion, tiger, leopard and black buck through cloning technique. We are also working for standardisation of cloning process that would prove to be a milestone in conserving endangered animal species," he added.
Prof Lalji Singh is also heading Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species (LACONES) for their revival in the country.
Link
TNN 5 December 2009, 01:27am IST
VARANASI: Was Max Muller at fault when he propagated the White Invasion theory? Did Aryan Invasion did not take place? Are we going to witness a change in world history? If reports of Prof Lalji Singh — an internationally acclaimed biotechnology expert — are to be believed, recent studies and research work on tracing genetic lineage of primitive human species have already suggested a different world history, enough to prove a major breakthrough in this field.
Prof Singh of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, who was in the city on Friday to inaugurate the three-day international conference on emerging trends in biotechnology organised by School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, told reporters that the recent studies would also change the theory of White Invasion (given by Max Muller of Germany).
There was no White Invasion, neither there was any Aryan Invasion as was believed in the past, he said referring to the recent studies on diversity of Indian population that had been published in 'Nature' magazine. The studies indicated southern route of migration of East African population (believed to originate 70,000 years ago) towards Indian sub-continent via Gujarat coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, he added.
Saying that Indian population was made up of many populations that have varied genetic compositions, he also added recent studies on DNA linkage indicated an invisible thread (trait) that bounded the Indian population comprising populations of other countries in the sub-continent including Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Malaysia, believed to have originated almost 33,000 years ago.
"The study is on to trace the ancestors of Ancestor North Indian (ANI) population, while the ancestors of Ancestor South Indian (ASI) population has been already traced," he said. "Ongee and Jarva species have been established to be the ancestors of ASI population while DNA matching has found resemblance of East African population with Kurumbha species in Kerala and Raghuvanshi of West Bengal," he added.
"We are looking for DNA from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir to trace the origin of ANI population and once that is established, we would be in a position to indicate the movement of ANI population towards European countries that would change the face of world history," he said. "We are also waiting for clearance of Ministry of Environment and Forest to start major project on revival of endangered animal species including Asiatic lion, tiger, leopard and black buck through cloning technique. We are also working for standardisation of cloning process that would prove to be a milestone in conserving endangered animal species," he added.
Prof Lalji Singh is also heading Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species (LACONES) for their revival in the country.
Link
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Haplogroup R1a frequency and distribution map (2009)
This map clearly shows that the expansion time of this haplogroup originating around the Indus Valley.
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
New study on Haplogroup R1a
This study speaks against substantial gene flow from Eastern Europe since the mid holocene(1000 to 3000 years earlier than the purported time of the mythical Aryan Invasion of India):
"the virtual absence of M458 chromosomes outside Europe speaks against substantial patrilineal gene flow from East Europe to Asia, including to India, at least since the mid-Holocene. "
Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a
Underhill et al. - Nov 2009
Abstract:
Human Y-chromosome haplogroup structure is largely circumscribed by continental boundaries. One notable exception to this general pattern is the young haplogroup R1a that exhibits post-Glacial coalescent times and relates the paternal ancestry of more than 10% of men in a wide geographic area extending from South Asia to Central East Europe and South Siberia. Its origin and dispersal patterns are poorly understood as no marker has yet been described that would distinguish European R1a chromosomes from Asian. Here we present frequency and haplotype diversity estimates for more than 2000 R1a chromosomes assessed for several newly discovered SNP markers that introduce the onset of informative R1a subdivisions by geography. Marker M434 has a low frequency and a late origin in West Asia bearing witness to recent gene flow over the Arabian Sea. Conversely, marker M458 has a significant frequency in Europe, exceeding 30% in its core area in Eastern Europe and comprising up to 70% of all M17 chromosomes present there. The diversity and frequency profiles of M458 suggest its origin during the early Holocene and a subsequent expansion likely related to a number of prehistoric cultural developments in the region. Its primary frequency and diversity distribution correlates well with some of the major Central and East European river basins where settled farming was established before its spread further eastward. Importantly, the virtual absence of M458 chromosomes outside Europe speaks against substantial patrilineal gene flow from East Europe to Asia, including to India, at least since the mid-Holocene.Link
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Updated list of R2 frequency
http://sites.google.com/site/r2dnainfo/R2-Home/r2-dna/r2-frequency/r2-frequencies-worldwide
Thursday, October 8, 2009
Y-DNA Haplogroup Frequency of Indian Muslims
(2).png)
Indian Muslims average:
- R2 - 10.2%
- R1a1 - 32.25%
- R1* - 2.08*
- P* - 3.24%
- O - 0.2%
- L - 3%
- K* - 2.78%
- J2a - 8.58%
- J2 - 6.72%
- J(*xJ2) - 5.56%
- H2 - 2.32%
- H1a - 11.83%
- H* - 1.39%
- G - 3%
- F* - 4.4%
- E1b1b1a - 0.7%
- C5 - 1.6%
R2 - 8/50
R1a1 - 15/50
P* - 4/50
L - 3/50
J2 - 4/50
H1a - 8/50
H* - 5/50
F* - 2/50
C5 - 1/50
Dawoodi Bohra (South - TN)
R1a1 - 14/26
L - 2/26
H2 - 2/26
H1a - 8/26
Iranian Shia (South)
R2 - 4/25
R1a1 - 1/25
K* - 7/25
J2 - 6/25
H1a - 1/25
G - 2/25
F* - 4/25
Mappla (South)
R2 - 2/40
R1a1 - 13/40
L - 4/40
K* - 2/40
J2 - 4/40
J*(xJ2) - 4/40
H2 - 2/40
H1a - 9/40
Shia (North)
R2 - 15/161
R1a1 - 45/161
R1* - 6/161
P* - 8/161
O - 1/161
J2a - 22/161
J2 - 7/161
J*(xJ2) - 17/161
H2 - 2/161
H1a - 11/161
H* - 1/161
G - 8/161
F* - 9/161
E1b1b1a - 3/161
C5 - 6/161
Sunni (North)
R2 - 15/129
R1a1 - 51/129
R1* - 3/129
P* - 2/129
L - 4/129
K* - 3/129
J2a - 15/129
J2 - 8/129
J*(xJ2) - 3/129
H2 - 4/129
H1a - 14/129
G - 3/129
F* - 4/129
Total - 431
Source: Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations
Indo Aryan and Slavic Linguistic and Genetic Affinities Predate the Origin Of Cereal Farming
Joseph Skulj, Jagdish C. Sharda, Snejina Sonina, Ratnakar Narale
Paper read at: The Sixth International Topical Conference: Origin of Europeans
Ljubljana, Slovenia June 6th and 7th 2008.
Abstract:
Linguistic comparisons between Indo-Aryan languages, Vedic Sanskrit in particular, and Slavic languages show evidence of remarkable similarities in words of elemental nature and those describing the process of domestication of animals specially the terminology regarding the sheep and the cattle. Similarly, Haplogroup (Hg) R1a1 (HG3 in Rosser’s nomenclature), the male lineage Y-Chromosome genetic marker found at high frequencies both in the Slavic and the Indo-Aryan male populations points to a common genetic origin of a large percentage of speakers of Slavic and Indic languages. Judging from the linguistic evidence, the separation of these Indo-European branches appears to predate the advent of cereal domestication. Applying Alinei’s ‘Lexical Self-Dating’ (LSD) methodology to date the linguistic and the genetic evidence, we estimate that the split between Indo-Aryans and the ancestors of Slavs occurred, afer the domestication of the sheep and cattle, about 10,000 years ago, but before cereal farming became a common industry amongst the ancestors of Slavs in Europe and Indo-Aryans on the Indian sub-continent. Moreover, the genetic evidence does not indicate that there were any major migrations of people from Europe, including the ancestors of the present day Slavs, to the Indian sub-continent during the last 8,000 years. The migration appears to have come from the Indian sub-continent to Europe. However, there is a record of many military incursions over the millennia into the sub-continent.
Furthermore, based on the linguistic, genetic, zoo-archaeological and population growth evidence, the coalescence of R1a1 in an ancestor common to many Indo-Aryans and Slavs, probably occurred during the hunting-gathering era and there is evidence that the close contact between the ancestors of Indo-Aryans and Slavs continued during the sheep and cattle domestication, up to and including the nomadic pastoral age. Based on this evidence, the major population expansion from the Indian sub-continent into Europe appears to have come, before the age of cereal farming.
Also the patrilineal Y-Chromosome genetic marker Hg R1a1, that accompanied this expansion, appears to be more than 100,000 years old, based on its relative high frequency, diversity and wide distribution extending from the Balkans to the Bay of Bengal. This estimated age, based on the reproductive rates of historical individuals, is considerably older than the molecular ages calculated on the basis of mutation rates as reported in literature.
Conclusion:
Paper read at: The Sixth International Topical Conference: Origin of Europeans
Ljubljana, Slovenia June 6th and 7th 2008.
Abstract:
Linguistic comparisons between Indo-Aryan languages, Vedic Sanskrit in particular, and Slavic languages show evidence of remarkable similarities in words of elemental nature and those describing the process of domestication of animals specially the terminology regarding the sheep and the cattle. Similarly, Haplogroup (Hg) R1a1 (HG3 in Rosser’s nomenclature), the male lineage Y-Chromosome genetic marker found at high frequencies both in the Slavic and the Indo-Aryan male populations points to a common genetic origin of a large percentage of speakers of Slavic and Indic languages. Judging from the linguistic evidence, the separation of these Indo-European branches appears to predate the advent of cereal domestication. Applying Alinei’s ‘Lexical Self-Dating’ (LSD) methodology to date the linguistic and the genetic evidence, we estimate that the split between Indo-Aryans and the ancestors of Slavs occurred, afer the domestication of the sheep and cattle, about 10,000 years ago, but before cereal farming became a common industry amongst the ancestors of Slavs in Europe and Indo-Aryans on the Indian sub-continent. Moreover, the genetic evidence does not indicate that there were any major migrations of people from Europe, including the ancestors of the present day Slavs, to the Indian sub-continent during the last 8,000 years. The migration appears to have come from the Indian sub-continent to Europe. However, there is a record of many military incursions over the millennia into the sub-continent.
Furthermore, based on the linguistic, genetic, zoo-archaeological and population growth evidence, the coalescence of R1a1 in an ancestor common to many Indo-Aryans and Slavs, probably occurred during the hunting-gathering era and there is evidence that the close contact between the ancestors of Indo-Aryans and Slavs continued during the sheep and cattle domestication, up to and including the nomadic pastoral age. Based on this evidence, the major population expansion from the Indian sub-continent into Europe appears to have come, before the age of cereal farming.
Also the patrilineal Y-Chromosome genetic marker Hg R1a1, that accompanied this expansion, appears to be more than 100,000 years old, based on its relative high frequency, diversity and wide distribution extending from the Balkans to the Bay of Bengal. This estimated age, based on the reproductive rates of historical individuals, is considerably older than the molecular ages calculated on the basis of mutation rates as reported in literature.
Conclusion:
- In many instances, the Slovenian language appears to be grammatically closer to Sanskrit than other Slavic languages and even Indic languages such as Hindi, Bengali and Gujarati.
- Genetic and linguistic afnities between the Indo-Aryan and Slavic speaking populations indicate that a large percentage of their ancestors had a common sojourn during the pre-pastoral and also during the pastoral age.Linguistic evidence suggests that the separation of the Indo-Aryans and the ancestors of present day Slavs occurred prior to the innovation of the cereal farming in agriculture.
- Hg R1a1-M17 lineage appears to have come to Europe, via the ancestors of the present day Slavs, from the Indian sub-continent, before the spread of farming ~9000 years ago.
- Genetic evidence does not support a large scale invasion of India from Europe during the prehistoric times, since no evidence of Hg R1*-M173, Hg I-M170 or of Hg N3-TAT has been found in India, although these Haplogroups are very frequent in Europe (Rosser et al. 2000, Sengupta et al. 2006).
- The coalescence of Hg R1a1, the most frequent genetic marker in Indo-Aryan and Slavic populations, very likely occurred more than 100,000 years ago. Only if the most recent common ancestor of such a large percentage of Indo-Aryans and the Slavs lived more than 100,000 years ago, could the male population with this genetic marker grow to such high absolute numbers of 325 million men representing more than ~10 % of the world’s total male population.
Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations
Abstract:
Islam is the second most practiced religion in India, next to Hinduism. It is still unclear whether the spread of Islam in India has been only a cultural transformation or is associated with detectable levels of gene flow. To estimate the contribution of West Asian and Arabian admixture to Indian Muslims, we assessed genetic variation in mtDNA, Y-chromosomal and LCT/MCM6 markers in 472, 431 and 476 samples, respectively, representing six Muslim communities from different geographical regions of India. We found that most of the Indian Muslim populations received their major genetic input from geographically close non-Muslim populations. However, low levels of likely sub-Saharan African, Arabian and West Asian admixture were also observed among Indian Muslims in the form of L0a2a2 mtDNA and E1b1b1a and J*(xJ2) Y-chromosomal lineages. The distinction between Iranian and Arabian sources was difficult to make with mtDNA and the Y chromosome, as the estimates were highly correlated because of similar gene pool compositions in the sources. In contrast, the LCT/MCM6 locus, which shows a clear distinction between the two sources, enabled us to rule out significant gene flow from Arabia. Overall, our results support a model according to which the spread of Islam in India was predominantly cultural conversion associated with minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the Arabian Peninsula.
New Paper from the European Journal of Human Genetics(link)
Islam is the second most practiced religion in India, next to Hinduism. It is still unclear whether the spread of Islam in India has been only a cultural transformation or is associated with detectable levels of gene flow. To estimate the contribution of West Asian and Arabian admixture to Indian Muslims, we assessed genetic variation in mtDNA, Y-chromosomal and LCT/MCM6 markers in 472, 431 and 476 samples, respectively, representing six Muslim communities from different geographical regions of India. We found that most of the Indian Muslim populations received their major genetic input from geographically close non-Muslim populations. However, low levels of likely sub-Saharan African, Arabian and West Asian admixture were also observed among Indian Muslims in the form of L0a2a2 mtDNA and E1b1b1a and J*(xJ2) Y-chromosomal lineages. The distinction between Iranian and Arabian sources was difficult to make with mtDNA and the Y chromosome, as the estimates were highly correlated because of similar gene pool compositions in the sources. In contrast, the LCT/MCM6 locus, which shows a clear distinction between the two sources, enabled us to rule out significant gene flow from Arabia. Overall, our results support a model according to which the spread of Islam in India was predominantly cultural conversion associated with minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the Arabian Peninsula.
New Paper from the European Journal of Human Genetics(link)
Thursday, October 1, 2009
Friday, September 25, 2009
New paper on Indian Population History - "No Truth to the Aryan-Dravidian Theory"
For the last couple of days many euro-centric bloggers assumed this study 'proves' that North Indians came from Europe via the alleged Aryan Invasion a few thousand years ago. Check out Dienekes blog for instance. Well, co-authors of the study say something else:
Times of India
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Aryan-Dravidian-divide-a-myth-Study/articleshow/5053274.cms
I guess that as time goes by Aryan Invasion theorists will whittle down their 'theory' to "White Caucasian Horse Riding Proto-Indo-European Language Teacher That Digs Black Indian Aboroginal Chicks Changes The Indian Genetic Landscape Theory". :)
Times of India
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Aryan-Dravidian-divide-a-myth-Study/articleshow/5053274.cms
HYDERABAD: The great Indian divide along north-south lines now stands blurred. A pathbreaking study by Harvard and indigenous researchers on
ancestral Indian populations says there is a genetic relationship between all Indians and more importantly, the hitherto believed ``fact'' that Aryans and Dravidians signify the ancestry of north and south Indians might after all, be a myth.
``This paper rewrites history... there is no north-south divide,'' Lalji Singh, former director of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and a co-author of the study, said at a press conference here on Thursday.
Senior CCMB scientist Kumarasamy Thangarajan said there was no truth to the Aryan-Dravidian theory as they came hundreds or thousands of years after the ancestral north and south Indians had settled in India.
The study analysed 500,000 genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 diverse groups from 13 states. All the individuals were from six-language families and traditionally ``upper'' and ``lower'' castes and tribal groups. ``The genetics proves that castes grew directly out of tribe-like organizations during the formation of the Indian society,'' the study said. Thangarajan noted that it was impossible to distinguish between castes and tribes since their genetics proved they were not systematically different.
The study was conducted by CCMB scientists in collaboration with researchers at Harvard Medical School,
Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. It reveals that the present-day Indian population is a mix of ancient north and south bearing the genomic contributions from two distinct ancestral populations - the Ancestral North Indian (ANI) and the Ancestral South Indian (ASI).
``The initial settlement took place 65,000 years ago in the Andamans and in ancient south India around the same time, which led to population growth in this part,'' said Thangarajan. He added, ``At a later stage, 40,000 years ago, the ancient north Indians emerged which in turn led to rise in numbers here. But at some point of time, the ancient north and the ancient south mixed, giving birth to a different set of population. And that is the population which exists now and there is a genetic relationship between the population within India.''
The study also helps understand why the incidence of genetic diseases among Indians is different from the rest of the world. Singh said that 70% of Indians were burdened with genetic disorders and the study could help answer why certain conditions restricted themselves to one population. For instance, breast cancer among Parsi women, motor neuron diseases among residents of Tirupati and Chittoor, or sickle cell anaemia among certain tribes in central India and the North-East can now be understood better, said researchers.
The researchers, who are now keen on exploring whether Eurasians descended from ANI, find in their study that ANIs are related to western Eurasians, while the ASIs do not share any similarity with any other population across the world. However, researchers said there was no scientific proof of whether Indians went to Europe first or the other way round.
Migratory route of Africans
Between 135,000 and 75,000 years ago, the East-African droughts shrunk the water volume of the lake Malawi by at least 95%, causing migration out of Africa. Which route did they take? Researchers say their study of the tribes of Andaman and Nicobar islands using complete mitochondrial DNA sequences and its comparison those of world populations has led to the theory of a ``southern coastal route'' of migration from East Africa through India.
This finding is against the prevailing view of a northern route of migration via Middle East, Europe, south-east Asia, Australia and then to India.
I guess that as time goes by Aryan Invasion theorists will whittle down their 'theory' to "White Caucasian Horse Riding Proto-Indo-European Language Teacher That Digs Black Indian Aboroginal Chicks Changes The Indian Genetic Landscape Theory". :)
Thursday, September 24, 2009
New paper on Indian Population History
Reconstructing Indian population history
David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price & Lalji Singh
Editor's Summary
24 September 2009
Meet the ancestors: Indian population history from gene screening
Analysis of genetic variation in 132 individuals from 25 diverse groups in India reveals that two ancient, genetically divergent populations are ancestral to most Indians today. One lineage, termed Ancestral North Indian, is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians and Europeans. The other, Ancestral South Indian, is not close to any group outside the subcontinent. The answers to several long-standing questions emerge from this work. It seems that 'caste' has been a powerful force shaping marriage in India for thousands of years — some anthropologists argued that its current strength was a product of British colonialism. And the enigmatic 'Negritos' of the Andaman Islands are identified as an ancient isolate from the Ancestral South Indian population. Allele frequency differences between population groups are high, in part due to the custom of within-group marriages, so it is likely that there is an excess of recessive diseases in India that can be screened for and mapped genetically.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/nature08365.html
David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price & Lalji Singh
"India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyse 25 diverse groups in India to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the 'Ancestral North Indians' (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, whereas the other, the 'Ancestral South Indians' (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other. By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39–71% in most Indian groups, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the indigenous Andaman Islanders are unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years owing to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically."
Editor's Summary
24 September 2009
Meet the ancestors: Indian population history from gene screening
Analysis of genetic variation in 132 individuals from 25 diverse groups in India reveals that two ancient, genetically divergent populations are ancestral to most Indians today. One lineage, termed Ancestral North Indian, is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians and Europeans. The other, Ancestral South Indian, is not close to any group outside the subcontinent. The answers to several long-standing questions emerge from this work. It seems that 'caste' has been a powerful force shaping marriage in India for thousands of years — some anthropologists argued that its current strength was a product of British colonialism. And the enigmatic 'Negritos' of the Andaman Islands are identified as an ancient isolate from the Ancestral South Indian population. Allele frequency differences between population groups are high, in part due to the custom of within-group marriages, so it is likely that there is an excess of recessive diseases in India that can be screened for and mapped genetically.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/nature08365.html
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
Saturday, September 12, 2009
R2 Frequency Within 77 Indian Populations
I extracted these figures from the link below. This was not a study of haplogroup frequency within specific communities but a general study of the distribution and frequency of haplogroups amongst high caste, low caste and tribal people of India(only some states). The results listed below are by no means indicative of R2 frequency within those communities because the sample sizes are very small in many instances. I just compiled this out of curiosity. For full information: A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios - Sahoo et al. , Supplemental Material
Uttar Pradesh
Tharu - 16.6%
Khatri - 14%
Kanyakubj Brahmin - 10%
Bihar
Yadav - 50%
Baniya - 36%
Kurmi - 15%
Bhumihar - 10%
Kayastha - 7%
Bihar Brahmin - 5%
West Bengal
Karmali - 100%
Mahishya - 23.5%
Namasudra - 23%
Maheli - 15.5%
Orissa
Khandayat - 46%
Karan - 22%
Gope - 18.75%
Paroja - 15.3%
Oriya Brahmin - 12.5%
Himachal Pradesh
HP Rajput - 13.3%
Andhra Pradesh
Kamma Chaudhary - 73.3%
Kappu Naidu - 72.2%
Komati - 70%
Reddy - 25%
Chenchu - 20%
Raju - 10.5%
Lambadi - 5.5%
Karnataka
Lingayat - 30%
Karnataka Muslim - 25%
Karnataka Christian - 14%
Kuruva - 10%
Bhovi - 7%
Tamil Nadu
Kallar - 44%
Gounder - 35%
Vanniyar - 30%
Chenchu - 20%
Pallar - 13.3%
Chakkliar - 11.1%
Gujarat
Gujarat Patel - 11%
Maharashtra
Dhangar - 25%
Chitpavan Brahmin - 20%
Madia Gond - 7%
Desasth Brahmin - 6%
Maratha - 6%
Pawara - 6%
Uttar Pradesh
Tharu - 16.6%
Khatri - 14%
Kanyakubj Brahmin - 10%
Bihar
Yadav - 50%
Baniya - 36%
Kurmi - 15%
Bhumihar - 10%
Kayastha - 7%
Bihar Brahmin - 5%
West Bengal
Karmali - 100%
Mahishya - 23.5%
Namasudra - 23%
Maheli - 15.5%
Orissa
Khandayat - 46%
Karan - 22%
Gope - 18.75%
Paroja - 15.3%
Oriya Brahmin - 12.5%
Himachal Pradesh
HP Rajput - 13.3%
Andhra Pradesh
Kamma Chaudhary - 73.3%
Kappu Naidu - 72.2%
Komati - 70%
Reddy - 25%
Chenchu - 20%
Raju - 10.5%
Lambadi - 5.5%
Karnataka
Lingayat - 30%
Karnataka Muslim - 25%
Karnataka Christian - 14%
Kuruva - 10%
Bhovi - 7%
Tamil Nadu
Kallar - 44%
Gounder - 35%
Vanniyar - 30%
Chenchu - 20%
Pallar - 13.3%
Chakkliar - 11.1%
Gujarat
Gujarat Patel - 11%
Maharashtra
Dhangar - 25%
Chitpavan Brahmin - 20%
Madia Gond - 7%
Desasth Brahmin - 6%
Maratha - 6%
Pawara - 6%
0%
Uttar Pradesh - Bhoksha, Kurmi, Thakur, Jaunsari. West Bengal - Bauri, Lodha, Kora. Bihar - Rajput. Jharkhand - Bhumij, Birhor, Ho, Khari, Munda, Santhal, Oroan. Sikkim - Nepali, Bhutia. Manipur - Muslim. Arunachal Pradesh - Adi Pasi. Mizoram - Hmar, Kuki, Lai, Lusei, Mara Orissa -Juang, Saora. Andhra Pradesh - Brahmin, Naikpod Gond, Yerukula. Karnataka - Gowda, Iyengar. Tamil Nadu -Irular. Maharashtra - Katkari, Mahadeo Koli.
Friday, September 11, 2009
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