Peter A. Underhill and
Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza
17 Nov, 2009
Abstract:
The relative importance of the roles of adaptation and chance in determining genetic diversity and evolution has received attention in the last 50 years, but our understanding is still incomplete. All statements about the relative effects of evolutionary factors, especially drift, need confirmation by strong demographic observations, some of which are easier to obtain in a species like ours. Earlier quantitative studies on a variety of data have shown that the amount of genetic differentiation in living human populations indicates that the role of positive (or directional) selection is modest. We observe geographic peculiarities with some Y chromosome mutants, most probably due to a drift-related phenomenon called the surfing effect. We also compare the overall genetic diversity in Y chromosome DNA data with that of other chromosomes and their expectations under drift and natural selection, as well as the rate of fall of diversity within populations known as the serial founder effect during the recent “Out of Africa” expansion of modern humans to the whole world. All these observations are difficult to explain without accepting a major relative role for drift in the course of human expansions. The increasing role of human creativity and the fast diffusion of inventions seem to have favored cultural solutions for many of the problems encountered in the expansion. We suggest that cultural evolution has been subrogating biologic evolution in providing natural selection advantages and reducing our dependence on genetic mutations, especially in the last phase of transition from food collection to food production.
Y chromosome haplogroup geographical distribution map
Phylogenetic relationships of the 20 major Y chromosome haplogroups
Haplogroup R and subclades frequency distribution
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Posts
Boss,
ReplyDeleteLooks like (South?) Indians had some hg-H input into Madagascar, probably a companion company sailing with the Argonauts out of SEA; they also seem to have landed in Greece (haha) - probably Panis-Phoenician input. Along with L in Druze and R2 in Kurds and Caucasus, this is a sure signal for Indic Mittani type expansions into ME (due to "drift" of course), especially given their discrete distribution.
Probably, Underhill is giving a few consolation prizes to the dispossessed herrenvolks and uberwolfs by having F and K in the ME, whereas South Asia is the more sensible choice ( especially given the known difference in dates of settlement of Asia versus Europe ). T appears to be a migrant back to Africa from South Asia - R1a in Africa is derived from the ME (downstream from the major expansion out of S Asia) and not from the infamous Eurasian Eden in Eurostan. I predict that all ME haplos will suddenly be rediscovered by the uberwolfs as pakka euro fare.
hg-I as usual is fizzled out in the Euro Eden, probably drunk on the pope-caesars's vino. Even N had managed to expand out of SEA via E Siberia, contributing a full half of Ruski lines (the other half being R from Desh). This confirms Nichols observation that there are geo-structural imperatives leading to Europe being at the sink end of an overwhelming East to West migration pattern.
R2 separates out from R1 and is confined to Aryavarta, thus serving as an indirect measure of variance for R as a whole. R1b expands from the East, and R1a1 from SaptaSindhava. The trajectories all trace back to the horror of horrors, India.
As usual, enjoy the Tamasha....
R1b from ME into Africa. Looks like the R root M207 is circumscribed to South Asia. It's quite a fall from grace for the herrenvolk and steppe crusaders.
ReplyDeleteWell, I have noticed that now 'it doesn't matter' to them anymore and they are more interested in specific 'clusters'. There is one R2 man from Kuwait who is hell bent on not having Indian roots at any cost. Kazakhstan and any 'stan' will do but not India. They are busy building Jewish clusters and Armenian clusters and South Asia is of course just incidental and last on the list of priority as far as 'clusters' go. We have a 'SImpson' cluster - one unfortunate white family that was probably fathered by an amorous Indian in Madhya Pradesh during the british raj - but South Asia as a whole is ignored. It's all pure and simple racism being legitimized by 'science'.
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